Studies have shown that children as young as three years old succeed in imitating adult writing. About a hundred years ago, Alexander Luria's case studies suggested that, to denote meaning, a six-year-olds' scribbles include figurative devices such as color or number. Writing begins with emotionally charged words such as the child's own name or mama. Letters from those words influence how children write unknown words. When children begin to invent partly correct spelling, they start with representing the first letter of their proper name phonetically.